Nephrology curriculum standards

About this resource

The new Advanced Training in Nephrology curriculum consists of curriculum standards and learning, teaching, and assessment (LTA) programs.

This resource outlines the curriculum standards for Advanced Training in Nephrology for trainees and supervisors. The curriculum standards should be used in conjunction with the Advanced Training in Nephrology LTA programs.

Download the curriculum standards PDF

Competencies

Competencies outline the expected professional behaviours, values and practices that trainees need to achieve by the end of training. Competencies are grouped by the 10 domains of the professional practice framework. Competencies will be common across all or most training programs.

Medical expertise

Professional standard. Physicians apply knowledge and skills informed by best available current evidence in the delivery of high quality, safe practice to facilitate agreed health outcomes for individual patients and populations.

Knowledge. Apply knowledge of the scientific basis of health and disease to the diagnosis and management of patients.

Synthesis. Gather relevant data via age- and context-appropriate means to develop reasonable differential diagnoses, recognising and considering interactions and impacts of comorbidities.

Diagnosis and management. Develop diagnostic and management plans that integrate an understanding of individual patient circumstances, including psychosocial factors and specific vulnerabilities, epidemiology, and population health factors in partnership with patients, families, or carers, and in collaboration with the health care team.

Communication

Professional standard. Physicians collate information, and share this information clearly, accurately, respectfully, responsibly, empathetically and in a manner that is understandable. Physicians share information responsibly with patients, families, carers, colleagues, community groups, the public, and other stakeholders to facilitate optimal health outcomes.

Effective communication. Uses a range of effective and appropriate verbal, nonspeaking, and written communication techniques, including active listening.

Communication with patients, families, and carers. Use collaborative, effective, and empathetic communication with patients, families, and carers.

Communication with professionals and professional bodies. Use collaborative, respectful, and empathetic clinical communication with colleagues, other health professionals, professional bodies, and agencies.

Written communication. Document and share information about patients to optimise patient care and safety.

Privacy and confidentiality. Maintain appropriate privacy and confidentiality, and share information responsibly.

Quality and safety

Professional standard. Physicians practice in a safe, high quality manner within the limits of their expertise. Physicians regularly review and evaluate their own practice alongside peers and best practice standards and conduct continuous improvement activities.

Patient safety. Demonstrate a safety focus and continuous improvement approach to own practice and health systems.

Harm prevention and management. Identify and report risks, adverse events and errors to improve healthcare systems.

Quality improvement. Participate in quality improvement activities to improve quality of care and safety of the work environment.

Patient engagement. Enable patients to contribute to the safety of their care.

Teaching and learning

Professional standard. Physicians demonstrate a lifelong commitment to excellence in practice through continuous learning and evaluating evidence. Physicians foster the learning of others in their profession through a commitment to mentoring, supervising, and teaching.¹

Lifelong learning. Undertake effective self-education and continuing professional development.

Self-evaluation. Evaluate and reflect on gaps in own knowledge and skills to inform self-directed learning.

Supervision. Provide supervision for junior colleagues and/or team members.

Teaching. Apply appropriate educational techniques to facilitate the learning of colleagues and other health professionals.

Patient education. Apply appropriate educational techniques to promote understanding of health and disease amongst patients and populations.

References

1. Adapted from Richardson D, Oswald A, Chan M-K, Lang ES, Harvey BJ. Scholar. In: Frank JR, Snell L, Sherbino J, editors. The Draft CanMEDS 2015 Physician Competency Framework – Series IV. Ottawa: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2015 March.

Research

Professional standard. Physicians support creation, dissemination and translation of knowledge and practices applicable to health.² They do this by engaging with and critically appraising research and applying it in policy and practice to improve the health outcomes of patients and populations.

Evidence-based practice. Critically analyse relevant literature and refer to evidence-based clinical guidelines, and apply these in daily practice.

Research. Apply research methodology to add to the body of medical knowledge and improve practice and health outcomes.

References

2. Adapted from Richardson D, Oswald A, Chan M-K, Lang ES, Harvey BJ. Scholar. In: Frank JR, Snell L, Sherbino J, editors. The Draft CanMEDS 2015 Physician Competency Framework – Series IV. Ottawa: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2015 March.

Cultural safety

This is a placeholder for the competencies in the cultural safety domain.

These competencies will be included at a later date.

Professional standard. Physicians engage in iterative and critical self-reflection of their own cultural identity, power, biases, prejudices, and practising behaviours. Together with the requirement of understanding the cultural rights of the community they serve, this brings awareness and accountability for the impact of the physician’s own culture on decision making and health care delivery. It also allows for an adaptive practice where power is shared between patients, family, whānau and/or community and the physician, to improve health outcomes.

Physicians recognise the patient and population’s rights for culturally safe care, including being an ally for patient, family, whānau and/or community autonomy and agency over their decision making. This shift in the physician's perspective fosters collaborative and engaged therapeutic relationships, allows for strength-based (or mana-enhanced) decisions, and sharing of power with the recipient of the care, optimising health care outcomes.

Physicians critically analyse their environment to understand how colonialism, systemic racism, social determinants of health, and other sources of inequity have and continue to underpin the healthcare context. Consequently, physicians then can recognise their interfacing with, and contribution to, the environment in which they work to advocate for safe, more equitable and decolonised services and create an inclusive and safe workplace for all colleagues and team members of all cultural backgrounds.³

The RACP has adopted the Medical Council of New Zealand’s definition of cultural safety: Cultural safety can be defined as:

the need for doctors to examine themselves and the potential impact of their own culture on clinical interactions and healthcare service delivery.
the commitment by individual doctors to acknowledge and address any of their own biases, attitudes, assumptions, stereotypes, prejudices, structures, and characteristics that may affect the quality of care provided.
the awareness that cultural safety encompasses a critical consciousness where health professionals and healthcare organisations engage in ongoing self-reflection and self-awareness and hold themselves accountable for providing culturally safe care, as defined by the patient and their communities.

References

3. Curtis et al. “Why cultural safety rather than cultural competency is required to achieve health equity”. International Journal for Equity in Health (2019) 18:174

Ethics and professional behaviour

Professional standard. Physicians’ practice is founded upon ethics, and physicians always treat patients and their families in a caring and respectful manner. Physicians demonstrate their commitment and accountability to the health and well-being of individual patients, communities, populations and society through ethical practice. Physicians demonstrate high standards of personal behaviour.

Beliefs and attitudes. Reflect critically on personal beliefs and attitudes, including how these may impact on patients’ care.

Honesty and openness. Act honestly, including reporting accurately and acknowledging their own errors.

Patient welfare. Prioritise patients’ welfare and community benefit above self-interest.

Accountability. Be personally and socially accountable.

Personal limits. Practise within their own limits and according to ethical and professional guidelines.

Self-care. Implement strategies to maintain personal health and wellbeing.

Respect for peers. Recognise and respect the personal and professional integrity, roles, and contribution of peers.

Interaction with professionals. Interact equitably, collaboratively, and respectfully with other health professionals.

Respect and sensitivity. Respect patients, maintain appropriate relationships, and behave equitably.

Privacy and confidentiality. Protect and uphold patients’ rights to privacy and confidentiality.

Compassion and empathy. Demonstrate a caring attitude towards patients and endeavour to understand patients’ values and beliefs.

Health needs. Understand and address patients’, families’, carers’, and colleagues’ physical and emotional health needs.

Medical and health ethics and law. Practise according to current community and professional ethical standards and legal requirements.

Judgement and decision making

Professional standard. Physicians collect and interpret information, and evaluate and synthesise evidence, to make the best possible decisions in their practice. Physicians negotiate, implement, and review their decisions and recommendations with patients, their families and carers, and other healthcare professionals.

Diagnostic reasoning. Apply sound diagnostic reasoning to clinical problems to make logical and safe clinical decisions.

Resource allocation. Apply judicious and cost effective use of health resources to their practice.

Task delegation. Apply good judgement and decision making to the delegation of tasks.

Limits of practice. Recognise their own limitations and consult others when required.

Shared decision making. Contribute effectively to team-based decision-making processes.

Leadership, management, and teamwork

Professional standard. Physicians recognise, respect, and aim to develop the skills of others, and engage collaboratively to achieve optimal outcomes for patients and populations.

Physicians contribute to and make decisions about policy, protocols, and resource allocation at personal, professional, organisational, and societal levels.

Physicians work effectively in diverse multidisciplinary teams and promote a safe, productive, and respectful work environment that is free from discrimination, bullying, and harassment.

Managing others. Lead teams, including setting directions, resolving conflicts, and managing individuals.

Wellbeing. Consider and work to ensure the health and safety of colleagues and other health professionals.

Leadership. Act as a role model and leader in professional practice.

Teamwork. Negotiate responsibilities within the health care team and function as an effective team member.

Health policy, systems, and advocacy

Professional standard. Physicians apply their knowledge of the nature and attributes of local, national, and global health systems to their own practices. They identify, evaluate, and influence health determinants through local, national, and international policy.

Physicians deliver and advocate for the best health outcomes for all patients and populations.

Health needs. Respond to the health needs of the local community and the broader health needs of the people of Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.

Prevention and promotion. Incorporate disease prevention, health promotion, and health surveillance into interactions with individual patients and their social support networks.

Equity and access. Work with patients and social support networks to address determinants of health that affect them and their access to needed health services or resources.

Stakeholder engagement. Involve communities and patient groups in decisions that affect them to identify priority problems and solutions.

Advocacy. Advocate for prevention, promotion, equity, and access to support patient and population health needs within and outside the clinical environment.

Resource allocation. Understand the factors influencing resource allocation, promote efficiencies and advocate to reduce inequities.

Entrustable Professional Activities

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) outline the essential work tasks trainees need to be able to perform in the workplace without supervision by the end of training. Each Advanced Training program contains a mix of common EPAs that have been tailored to the specialty context, and specialty-specific EPAs. The EPAs listed below have been developed for the Advanced Training in Cardiology (Paediatrics & Child Health) program.